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The ISIS was preceded by the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), that was established during October 2006, and comprised of various insurgent groups, most significantly the original Al Qaeda Organization in the Land of the Two Rivers (AQI) organization, al-Qaeda in Mesopotami - led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the Mujahedeen Shura Council in Iraq, and Jund al-Sahhaba (Soldiers of the Prophet’s Companions), which was integrated into the ISI. ISIS members' allegiance was given to the ISI commander and not al-Qaeda central command. The organisation known as the ISIS was formed during April 2013 and has evolved in one of the main jihadist groups fighting government forces in Syria and Iraq. ISIS regards Baquba, Iraq, as its headquarters with its allegiance to Abu Omar al-Baghdadi as the group’s emir. Baghdadi’s real name is Hamed Dawood Mohammed Khalil al-Zawi.
SPLIT WITH NUSRA FRONT
Initially al-Baghdadi took lead in the establishment of Jabhat al-Nusra (JN) and expected the JN leader's (Abu Mohammed al-Golani) to view him as senior in position. Al-Golani refusal resulted in the establishment of the ISIS, with indications that approximately 65% of JN members declared their allegiance to ISIS. These defections allowed ISIS to gain control in several areas, such as Raqqa, parts of the Aleppo urban and rural areas. More recently the ISIS seized the headquarters of other groups in Manbaj, al-Bab and Azaz.
SCHISM BETWEEN ISIS, AL-QAEDA IN IRAQ, AND AL QAEDA CENTRAL COMMAND
Though the ISIS is mostly referred to as an al-Qaeda affiliate, information seems to confirm the opposite, namely that the ISIS is not representative of al-Qaeda in Iraq. On 03 February 2014, al-Qaeda general command published a media statement on jihadi websites stating that the ISIS is not "a branch of the al-Qaeda group".
ISIS members pledge of allegiance is to the ISIS leader al-Baghdadi and not to Sheikh Zawahiri (al-Qaeda central command). this is reflected in an ISIS nasheed (a song that carries with it an Islamic belief and/or practice) released during 2013 in which it states (translated version):
“They have closed ranks and pledged bay’ah to Baghdadi, For [he is] our amir in our Iraq and ash-Sham."
The ISIS non-affiliation with al-Qaeda was also evident in Sheik Zawahiri (al-Qaeda central command) calling during 2013 for the dissolution of ISIS, anticipating that Sheikh Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi would accept authority and control from al-Qaeda central command. This anticipation most probably related to Sheikh Baghdadi’s history as a prominent member of AQI. However, Sheikh Baghdadi’s rejection of the call reflects a clear schism between the ISIS and al-Qaeda central command. More compelling evidence of the schism is seen in a statement by Sheikh Abu Khalid al-Suri (an alleged Ahrar ash-Sham and al-Qaeda central command member) that was deployed by Sheikh Zawahiri to resolve differences between the ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra following continued fighting between the two groups in Syria. Sheikh Abu Khalid condemned ISIS conduct and referred to such conduct as “crimes” being committed “in the name of jihad and the establishment of an Islamic state."
CLASHES WITH OTHER ISLAMIC AND REBEL GROUPS ASSOCIATIONS
The ISIS is operating independently and in opposition to other jihadist groups such as the Jabhat al-Nusra (JN) and the Islamic Front as well as the Free Syrian Army (FSA) as seen in clashes with these groups in both Iraq and Syria. During July 2013, a commander of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was reportedly shot dead by ISIS fighters in the coastal province of Lattakia. Discord with the FSA was also seen in deadly clashes between the two groups in the north-western province of Idlib. There has also been friction with other groups with the ISIS being accused of killing a prominent member of the Syrian Islamist rebel group Ahrar al-Sham.
CAPACITY
The ISIS has extensive financial resources (mostly derived from alleged organised crime activities in areas of control as well as diaspora funds and unidentified financial sponsors from within Gulf states) as well as human capital that enable operations in various locations. This is seen in attacks executed in areas regarded as primarily Shi’a areas in Iraq, such as Najaf, Karbala, Kut and Wasit as well as bombings in Baghdad (Iraq). These attacks also reflected sophistication both in terms of execution and diverse tactics. More recent skirmishes with Iraqi government forces are evidence of an extensive ISIS capacity.
For More on The Rising Star of ISIS : Sunni Terrorist Abu Wahib Shakir al-Fahdawi leader of Ussud Al-Anbar Brigade
OBJECTIVE/GOAL
The ISIS's objective is the establishment of a world wide Caliphate, reflected in frequent media reports by means of images of the world united under a ISIS banner. Although it has perpetrated many terrorist acts since its formation in 2006, especially against Shia and Christian civilians, ISI/ISIS/ISIL has been especially active in late 2102 and 2013, claiming responsibility for killing and wounding hundreds of people through suicide bombings. It's principal targets are U.S. military and Shia and Christian civilians.
ISIS ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE IN IRAQ AND SYRIA
The ISIS is composed of 16 wilayats (read provinces/administrative districts), in both Iraq and Syria and is reflected in the following map:
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Map notes: 2014: Map is obtained from the Long War Journal. The legend (blue area in the bottom left hand corner) reads "Areas of presence or control; The Islamic State in Iraq and the Sham." The map shows the 16 wilayats, within the existing provincial boundaries of both Iraq and Syria.
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